Low‑intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) studies showed the technique can modulate deep brain circuits with spatial precision, offering a non‑invasive modality for neuromodulation in movement, mood, and pain disorders. The papers report parameter sets and safety observations supporting further translational testing. Complementary research mapped circuit‑specific targets for electrical and magnetic stimulation, outlining strategies to pair stimulation modalities with defined neural pathways. Together, these advances push neuromodulation toward circuit‑level precision — a prerequisite for therapeutic applications that target symptoms while limiting off‑target effects.