Researchers reported a combined phage therapy and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) approach in the first human case series for recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs). In three female patients treated between May and July 2023, clinicians administered phage therapy both orally and intravesically over eight days to decolonize urinary and intestinal reservoirs. Two of the three patients later received FMT, aimed at restoring gut microbiome function and reducing the chance that resistant E. coli reservoirs persist after antibiotic exposure. The report in Nature Microbiology described good tolerability and, for the two combination-treated patients, a long-term reduction in UTI frequency over two years, alongside reduced antibiotic needs. The case series adds clinical signal to a dual-reservoir strategy—phage for rapid pathogen suppression and FMT to reshape longer-term microbiome ecology.