Recent discoveries have provided new insights into molecular mechanisms underlying Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Researchers have elucidated the pivotal role of α2,6-sialylation in regulating BACE1 expression, a key enzyme in amyloid-β production linked to Alzheimer's pathology, utilizing advanced gene editing in model organisms. Concurrently, innovative therapeutic strategies for Parkinson’s disease are emerging, including therapies targeting specific genetic mutations that disrupt lysosomal and mitochondrial function, as well as approaches harnessing butyrate to restore sleep via BDNF signaling pathways. Collectively, these studies highlight multifaceted molecular pathways and potential treatment targets vital for addressing neurodegenerative disorders.