Recent advancements highlight the potential of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and organoid models in understanding development, disease modeling, and therapeutic applications. Innovations include novel guide-integrated adult stem cells (giaSCs) that overcome tumorigenic risks and maintain plasticity, as well as progress in neural and brain organoid technologies enabling modeling of neurodegenerative conditions. These efforts underpin new assay systems facilitating drug discovery and personalized medicine, supported by emerging microelectrode and single-cell analysis platforms.