A recent study led by Xue, Zhou and Chen found that using PD‑1 inhibitors as consolidative therapy after CD19 CAR‑T improved outcomes for patients with relapsed or refractory non‑Hodgkin lymphoma. The research suggests checkpoint blockade can enhance durability of CAR‑T responses in some patients. The finding prompts questions about optimal timing, patient selection, and safety for sequential immunomodulation; oncology groups will likely pursue randomized studies to validate benefit and define standards of care.