Recent cutting-edge studies in neurobiology have yielded significant insights into molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration and brain aging. Killifish models have revealed that age-related deceleration of protein translation selectively impairs DNA- and RNA-binding proteins, contributing to hallmark aging phenotypes. Concurrently, studies of α-synuclein fibrils’ structural variants elucidate their differing roles in Parkinson’s disease seeding and progression. Multi-omics and proteomic analyses further characterize pathogenic signaling in Alzheimer’s disease models. These findings collectively enhance understanding of neurodegenerative disorders and aging processes at a molecular level, informing therapeutic development.