A series of groundbreaking studies emphasize the pervasive threat of micro- and nanoplastics in ecosystems and human health. Research published in Microplastics & Nanoplastics and The Lancet describes the enzymatic breakdown of polyester microfibers and highlights new methods for detecting tire wear particles and nanoplastics using Raman spectroscopy. The Lancet Countdown report issues a comprehensive evaluation of plastic pollution’s health impacts and calls for global attention as treaty negotiations progress.