Using single-nucleus RNA sequencing, researchers identified that physical activity influences specific hippocampal cell types—microglia and neurovascular-associated astrocytes—in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Exercise restored gene expression profiles toward normal in these cells and engaged immature neurons, linking metabolism gene Atpif1 to new neuron formation. The study enhances understanding of exercise-induced neuroprotection and offers targets for future Alzheimer's therapies.