Pediatric and neonatal care is witnessing critical advancements addressing infectious diseases, developmental challenges, and therapeutic monitoring. Studies in neonatal intensive care units have comprehensively characterized bacterial and fungal bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections, and meningitis in vulnerable preterm populations. Therapeutic insights reveal the multiorgan impacts of caffeine in preterm infants and the neuroprotective potential of human milk oligosaccharides on the enteric nervous system. Additionally, genetic risk factors for cardiomyopathy in childhood cancer survivors have been delineated, and scheduling protocols incorporating hours-based models are improving neonatal care quality and safety.