A study demonstrates that butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid produced by gut microbiota, restores abnormal sleep architecture in a Parkinson’s disease mouse model by activating the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor TrkB signaling pathway. Sleep disturbances in Parkinson’s are prevalent and debilitating, representing a non-motor symptom with limited treatments. This research underscores the gut-brain axis’s relevance in neurodegeneration and suggests butyrate or related interventions could offer novel non-invasive therapies for sleep abnormalities in PD patients.