Recent studies are deepening insights into Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathology and therapeutic avenues. Novel MRI techniques map brain metabolism and iron distribution, revealing distinct neurodegenerative signatures in PD, including the enrichment of gut-derived metabolites in patients with REM sleep behavior disorder. Machine learning models enhance diagnostic accuracy and track levodopa treatment effects through digital speech biomarkers. A kinase inhibitor targeting LRRK2 mutations restored neuroprotective pathways and dopamine nerve density in mouse models, suggesting potential to stabilize or improve PD symptoms. These integrative studies pave the way for precision therapeutics addressing neuroinflammation and neuronal degeneration in PD.