Emerging research highlights novel biomarkers and genetic factors influencing Parkinson’s disease onset, progression, and heterogeneity. Studies report elevated cerebrospinal fluid SERPIN E1 levels associated with Lewy body diseases and differential dopamine availability patterns with distinct clinical correlates in early Parkinson’s. Genetic penetrance linked to GBA1 variants and polygenic backgrounds further refines risk stratification models. Additionally, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are identified as promising noninvasive diagnostic and disease monitoring tools. Collectively, these findings enhance molecular characterization and guide precision approaches in Parkinson’s management.