Cancer research unveils novel molecular targets and therapeutic strategies, including CAR macrophages engineered via mRNA extracellular vesicles reducing lung metastasis, new antibody-drug conjugates targeting HER2 and GI tumors overcoming resistance, and metabolic regulators modulating tumor-immune interplay in hepatocellular carcinoma. Advances in epigenetic regulation and identification of immune evasion mechanisms further enrich treatment strategies, paving the way for precision oncology.