Recent clinical and molecular studies have propelled oncology research forward with several key breakthroughs. A multicentre real-world analysis highlights Lorlatinib's efficacy in treating ALK-positive NSCLC resistant to earlier therapies. Panobinostat combined with adagrasib shows promise by inducing autophagy and enhancing cytotoxicity in NSCLC cells, while a novel radioimmunotherapy using Terbium-161 effectively targets ovarian cancer stem cells, suggesting potential strategies against relapse. Additionally, metabolic reprogramming mechanisms, such as breast cancer cells harvesting neuronal mitochondria and oxLDL-driven activation of protumor macrophages in hepatocellular carcinoma, are elucidating cancer progression pathways, informing therapeutic targeting.