Researchers described an off‑the‑shelf mRNA vaccine platform targeting hepatocellular carcinoma that elicits tumor‑directed immune responses in preclinical models. The study reports antigen selection strategies and immunogenic formulations that produced T cell activity and tumor growth control. The approach emphasizes standardized, non‑personalized mRNA constructs to enable scalable manufacturing and distribution versus individualized neoantigen vaccines. Preclinical efficacy and tolerability data support progression toward IND‑enabling studies. Clinical development will hinge on antigen presentation in human HCC, combination with checkpoint inhibitors, and managing tumor‑specific immune suppression that commonly limits vaccine monotherapy effectiveness.