A team published preclinical data on off‑the‑shelf mRNA vaccines designed to target hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), reporting antigen selection and immune responses supportive of further development. The work details vaccine formulation, target antigens, and mouse model efficacy, highlighting a potential path for mRNA immunotherapy beyond infectious disease. Authors emphasize manufacturability and the capacity to generate tumor‑directed T‑cell responses without individualized neoantigen workflows. The summary clarifies that ‘‘off‑the‑shelf mRNA vaccines’’ refers to predesigned formulations intended for broad patient cohorts rather than personalized vaccines tailored to each tumor’s mutations.