Groundbreaking studies using single-cell transcriptomics in human brain tissue have revealed crucial disruptions in cellular communication associated with PTSD, including diminished signaling from somatostatin-expressing interneurons in the prefrontal cortex. Parallel research in murine models demonstrated how gut-primed CD4+ T cells breach the central nervous system, triggering neuroinflammation via molecular mimicry. These findings illuminate complex cellular and molecular pathways underpinning psychiatric and neuroimmune disorders, with potential implications for targeted therapies. Research was conducted by teams including Yale University, UC Irvine, and others, employing state-of-the-art single-nucleus RNA sequencing and receptor-ligand interaction analyses.