Innovative molecular insights are emerging across oncology and neurodegeneration. Key discoveries include TCF3’s role in bladder cancer progression via ferroptosis pathways, benzaldehyde's anticancer effects in pancreatic cancer, and a novel protein BACE1 mediating lung cancer metastasis to the brain. Proteomic analyses distinguish Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s cerebrospinal fluid molecular landscapes. Advances in neurodegenerative disease models and molecular markers are informing future therapeutic strategies.