Research in materials science and energy storage has yielded transformative innovations potentially impacting future sustainable technologies. Advances include the development of recyclable polymers mimicking natural biopolymers with adaptive helical structures, novel composite catalysts enhancing lithium–sulfur battery performance, and europium-doped cathodes for aqueous zinc-ion batteries with improved capacity and cycle stability. Additional progress in sodium-ion battery anode materials and thermally drawn flexible fiber sensors expand the toolkit for high-performance energy systems and flexible biosensing. These breakthroughs pave the way for next-generation energy devices with superior efficiency and environmental sustainability.