Cutting-edge studies are advancing cancer diagnosis and treatment. Researchers introduce a nomogram combining body composition and tumor burden to accurately predict lymph node metastasis in early esophageal cancer. Additionally, droplet digital PCR assays enable precise quantification of bladder cancer biomarkers, while MRI integration with amide proton transfer enhances prostate cancer detection. Parallel efforts reveal prognostic significance of B-aggressive lymphoma proteins in breast cancer and molecular markers elucidate cardiac cachexia in lung cancer, collectively refining clinical oncology paradigms.