Recent oncology and neurodegenerative disease research unveiled promising findings. Moffitt Cancer Center discovered a combination therapy to overcome immunotherapy resistance in melanoma. In breast cancer, nerolidol combined with cyclophosphamide showed potent activity against MCF-7 cells, while a study revealed METTL16’s role in lung cancer tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance. Insights into Parkinson’s disease emerged associating iron misregulation with pathology and showing links between minor and visual hallucinations. Additionally, a novel eIF2B activator DNL343 demonstrated therapeutic potential for ALS and TDP-43 proteinopathies. These advances illuminate new molecular targets and pathways for intervention in challenging cancers and neurodegenerative conditions.