Recent studies elucidate novel molecular mechanisms and biomarkers that refine cancer diagnostics and therapy. EGFLAM protein surfaces as a pan-cancer prognostic marker interconnected with immune infiltration. CYP26A1’s role in folate metabolism emerges as a target in colorectal cancer. YWHAB-mediated pathways enhance ovarian cancer stemness and chemoresistance, while genetic variants influencing immunotherapy survival in ovarian and multiple cancers have been identified. Advances in serum metabolic profiling and radiomics models enable more precise brainstem glioma and thyroid tumor characterization. These molecular insights offer refined stratification and potential therapeutic targets across oncology.