Research unveils critical molecular mechanisms offering potential therapeutic directions for several neurological disorders. A novel eIF2B activator DNL343 demonstrates efficacy targeting ALS and TDP-43 proteinopathies, while studies link microglial lipid metabolism dysfunction induced by amyloid beta to Alzheimer’s disease progression. Investigations into Parkinson’s disease reveal iron imbalance contributing to pathology and a machine learning method tracking Parkinson’s fluctuations via spontaneous eye blink analysis. Additionally, prenatal exposure to the insecticide chlorpyrifos is connected to brain abnormalities in children, emphasizing environmental factors in neurodevelopmental outcomes.