Groundbreaking studies continue to elucidate the molecular basis of neurological diseases. Research identifies autoimmune T cell responses targeting C9orf72 protein in ALS, repositioning the disease as autoimmune-driven. Epigenetic editing technologies show promise for durable gene silencing of PCSK9 in primates. Neuroimaging uncovers brain structure alterations linked to schizophrenia and Parkinson’s symptoms. Meanwhile, AI-enabled spatial analyses enhance understanding of neurodegenerative pathophysiology and aid in diagnosing conditions such as early-stage Parkinson’s and cognitive impairment.