A study combining high-frequency brain stimulation with recordings from living human cortical tissue reported selective activation of fast-spiking interneurons and lasting synaptic rebalancing, supporting mechanistic hypotheses behind some neurostimulation’s antiepileptic effects. Separately, functional ultrasound brain-computer interfaces are moving from reading neural signals toward bidirectional control, reflecting a broader shift in neuromodulation engineering: higher bandwidth measurement combined with controllable actuation. On measurement and safety, additional evidence continues to refine how clinical tools interpret brain and cardiac state—critical for pairing stimulation with the right patient context. For biotech and medtech teams, these developments converge on a single operational need: stimulation therapies require both circuit-level specificity and reliable state mapping to deliver consistent clinical effects.