Cutting-edge neurobiological research uncovers novel mechanisms underlying brain function and disease. Key findings include histone lactylation regulating pain response via DOCK4 modulation, microglial chromatin states delineating Alzheimer’s spatial patterns, and transcriptional landscapes of microglia illuminating disease dynamics. Additional studies employ voltage imaging to decode hippocampal memory inhibition and map human thalamocortical causal links. These advances deepen understanding of neural epigenetics, circuits, and disease pathways with potential translational implications.