Recent neuroscience studies investigate fundamental mechanisms in brain development and neurodegenerative diseases. Breakthroughs include microglia’s regulation of prenatal neurogenesis via IGF1 signaling pathways, strategies to replace dysfunctional microglia mitigating lysosomal storage disorders in mice, and links between lithium deficiency and Alzheimer’s disease progression reversing pathology in animal models. Other research explores new molecular targets like Annexin A2 in glioma progression, as well as RNA N-glycosylation mediated immune evasion. Collectively, these advances contribute to a deeper understanding of brain pathology and reveal novel therapeutic avenues in neurology.