Advances include early pain network development characterization in newborns, Parkinson’s prodromal imaging, and enhanced DBS modeling for gait improvement. New non-invasive Parkinson’s diagnostic method utilizes AI-analyzed earwax volatile compounds. Adolescent Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene therapy reports second fatality, prompting safety reassessments. Neuroimmunology studies reveal TGFα’s role in CNS immune checkpoint regulation, and microbiome-gut interactions linked to neuroinflammation involve gut-specific CD4 T cells contributing to CNS damage. CD4 T cell migration and molecular mimicry underpin immune activation in the brain, highlighting complex gut-brain immunological crosstalk.