Cutting-edge research in neuroscience uncovers new modalities for understanding and treating neurological conditions. Neural stem cell-derived exosomes demonstrate efficacy in mitigating Parkinson’s disease symptoms, while brain imaging in amputees challenges prior assumptions about cortical remapping post-limb loss, revealing stable primary somatosensory maps. Studies also detail lipid metabolism imbalance contributing to L-DOPA induced dyskinesia, and alterations in the skin microbiome are implicated in multiple system atrophy.