Emerging studies shed light on molecular and environmental factors influencing neurodegenerative disorders. In Parkinson’s disease models, exposure to low-oxygen environments reverses motor symptoms and protects neurons, challenging traditional views of oxygen toxicity. Investigations into microglial replacement therapy offer new treatments for lysosomal storage disorders like Sandhoff disease. Novel biomarkers based on GABA levels detect early Parkinson’s changes, and research into tau-targeting antibodies from Merck offers hope in slowing Alzheimer’s progression. These findings open promising paths for novel therapeutics and disease management in neurodegeneration.