Recent neuroscience advances have revealed critical insights into brain development and neurodegenerative mechanisms. Studies have uncovered an expanded subventricular zone (SVZ) crucial for interneuron migration in gyrencephalic brains, enhancing understanding of cortical formation. Electrophysiological mapping using intracranial stimulation has systematically charted thalamocortical causal links, offering new perspectives on brain connectivity. Novel discoveries include the trans-synaptic propagation of oligomeric tau protein in progressive supranuclear palsy, elucidating pathogenic spread in tauopathies. Additionally, molecular mechanisms governing astrocyte fate specification in mouse septum highlight the significance of both developmental origin and local signals in astrocyte identity. This collection of findings fortifies the foundation for therapeutic innovation against neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders.