Recent research is deepening understanding of neurodegenerative diseases through advanced imaging and biomarker profiling. Quantitative MRI reveals microstructural putamen changes in Parkinson’s disease, while digital speech biomarkers track acute levodopa effects. Machine learning enhances thyroid nodule diagnosis with spectral CT, and spatial proteomics techniques illuminate protein interactions in triple-negative breast cancer. These advances facilitate earlier diagnosis, improved therapy monitoring, and precise characterization of neurodegenerative disorders.