A new body of work positioned nanovaccine platforms as next‑generation immunotherapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), detailing nanoparticle formulations that deliver tumor antigens and adjuvants to prime anti‑tumor immunity. Authors highlighted preclinical evidence of enhanced antigen presentation and T‑cell responses when antigens are co‑delivered with nanocarriers. Developers and academic groups are now exploring combination strategies with checkpoint inhibitors to overcome HCC’s immune‑suppressive microenvironment. Clarification: nanovaccines use nanoscale carriers to improve delivery and immune activation versus traditional vaccine approaches.