Two translational studies revealed mechanisms that may modulate multiple myeloma therapy. One paper showed tumor‑derived exosomes influence bortezomib response via redox pathways and identified ketotifen as a modulator of exosome effects. Separately, researchers reported that complement component C3a enhances osteoclast formation, linking immune complement signaling to bone resorption in myeloma. These findings suggest combination strategies: targeting exosome-mediated resistance or complement-driven bone disease could improve outcomes with proteasome inhibitors and anti‑resorptive therapies. Companies developing adjunctive agents or repurposing drugs like ketotifen may find pathways to rapid translational studies.