Recent molecular and cellular biology studies unveiled mechanisms and targets with therapeutic potential. Scientists revealed a liquid-like protective coating on mitotic chromosomes to prevent DNA damage during cell division. Single-cell methylation analysis techniques have improved epigenetic profiling. Research into cellular memory showed non-neuronal cells can retain stimulus information, enhancing understanding of signaling pathways. Novel small-molecule inhibitors targeting KRAS G12D, STAT6, and DYRK1A are being developed for cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Studies also report on dual antibody-drug conjugates designed to overcome resistance, and mitochondrial disease mechanisms influencing ovarian cancer evolution and immunity.