Moderna shared early clinical data for its mRNA cancer antigen therapy, mRNA‑4359, combined with Merck’s PD‑1 inhibitor prior to ESMO presentation. The company reported responses in patients with advanced melanoma, including those who had failed prior checkpoint inhibitors, and positioned the agent as a T‑cell‑priming mRNA therapeutic intended to broaden antigen‑specific immunity. Moderna emphasized the combination strategy with checkpoint blockade and flagged planned updates at ESMO. The disclosure signals continued investment by mRNA developers into therapeutic oncology beyond traditional vaccine use.