Environmental and health sciences are rapidly advancing methods to identify and understand micro- and nanoplastics. Recent research addresses quantification challenges posed by polystyrene standards, unveils enzymatic degradation of polyester microfibers, and uses novel color-based methods to detect tire wear particles. Several studies link microplastic exposure to gut and neuronal cellular effects and early-life health risks. Initiatives like The Lancet Countdown emphasize the urgency of tracking plastics’ hidden health threats, underscoring the convergence of environmental pollution with public health concerns.