Researchers revealed a novel therapeutic strategy involving the transplantation of allogeneic microglia directly into the brain to address neurodegenerative and lysosomal storage diseases. This approach circumvents the need for systemic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, potentially enabling more effective replacement and modulation of the brain’s resident immune cells. The findings mark a pivotal advance in neuroimmunology and open paths toward innovative treatments for devastating central nervous system disorders.