Groundbreaking studies expand understanding of micro- and nanoplastics pollution and their biological ramifications. Research highlights the differentiated toxicity profiles of plastic particles on lung cells, the presence of microplastics in human feces indicating dietary exposure, and challenges in accurate environmental quantification. Analytical advancements utilizing NMR spectroscopy and automated µFTIR enhance detection capabilities. Collectively, these insights stress the urgent need for refined assessment methodologies and regulatory attention to mitigate microplastic threats to ecosystems and human health.