Emerging research elucidates molecular pathways linking metabolism and immune regulation across disease contexts. The RNA methyltransferase NSUN5 drives liver cancer progression by modulating m5C methylation of EFNA3 to enhance glycolysis. Toll-like receptor 4 and group 2 innate lymphoid cells mediate persistent type 2 airway immunity, informing chronic respiratory disease pathogenesis. Dietary fat composition influences antitumor immunity in obese mouse models, underscoring diet-immune interactions. Blocking YAP-TEAD/LOX signaling diminishes lung fibrosis, presenting a novel antifibrotic target. Furthermore, macrophage-T cell interactions enhance SLAMF1 expression in tuberculosis defense, revealing critical immunological crosstalk.