Emerging research deepens understanding of metabolic and immune mechanisms impacting cancer progression and chronic disease. Studies reveal immune profiling advances enhancing cancer therapies, novel immune signatures predicting gastric cancer treatment responses, and tumor-derived exosomal RNAs that facilitate lung cancer immune evasion. Additional work links branched-chain amino acids to diabetic kidney damage, while investigations identify new nitric oxide synthase inhibitors targeting glioma progression. Together, these findings elucidate critical biological pathways guiding next-generation therapeutic development.