Recent studies have advanced understanding in metabolic diseases including insulin resistance surrogates as predictors of diabetic kidney disease and cholesterol ratios associated with insulin resistance risk. Research also underscored the influence of testosterone levels on HDL and immune cells and detailed cardiovascular benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors versus GLP-1 receptor agonists. Investigations into predictors of frailty via thyroid function and the influence of cortisol on anxiety and depression revealed further hormonal interplays relevant to patient outcomes.