Advancements in medical imaging and radiotherapeutic modalities are enhancing diagnostic precision and therapeutic outcomes. A novel low-cost liquid optical waveguide promises to reduce costs and improve augmented reality device performance. Comparative dosimetric analyses reveal benefits of distinct volumetric modulated arc therapy systems in postoperative breast cancer radiotherapy. New techniques integrating range-compensated proton arc therapy and simultaneous integrated boost in whole brain radiotherapy show improved tumor targeting and patient survival, especially in complex oncologic indications. Furthermore, AI-assisted frameworks facilitate post-surgical evaluation in chronic rhinosinusitis, and deep learning models improve MRI-based differentiation of spinal infections.