Clinical and biomarker research has advanced understanding and treatment of various cancers. The KEYNOTE-426 phase 3 trial confirms sustained survival benefits of pembrolizumab and axitinib combination in advanced renal cell carcinoma over five years. Biomarker studies identify MLH1, GPRC5C, and Zinc Finger Protein 683 as prognostic markers in liver and kidney cancers, respectively, linking molecular profiles to immune infiltration and patient outcomes. Emerging immunotherapy strategies, including chimeric exosomes targeting lymph nodes in triple-negative breast cancer, show promise in sensitizing resistant tumors. These findings enrich precision oncology paradigms and guide future therapeutic development.