A multi‑institutional team from the University of Pennsylvania, Brookhaven National Laboratory and industry partners published a biophysical characterization of four lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulations, linking distinct particle morphologies to differences in delivery performance. The Nature Biotechnology study used complementary intact‑particle techniques to reveal structural heterogeneity and correlated those features with cellular delivery metrics. Authors said the insights should help rationally match LNP designs to specific RNA cargos and target tissues rather than relying on empirical screening alone. The work builds on prior observations that chemical tweaks alter both immunogenicity and biodistribution.