Teams from UPenn, Brookhaven and commercial partners published biophysical analyses that resolve structural heterogeneity across lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulations used for RNA delivery. The work links particle architecture to functional delivery metrics and identifies design features that correlate with tissue targeting and payload release. The studies provide actionable guidance for tailoring LNPs to specific therapeutic goals and are presented alongside a separate Nature Biotechnology methods paper that outlines experimental approaches for LNP characterization.