A multidisciplinary team at the University of Pennsylvania, Brookhaven National Laboratory and collaborators mapped lipid nanoparticle (LNP) structures and linked distinct morphologies to delivery performance. The Nature Biotechnology study characterized four LNP formulations using complementary biophysical techniques and showed that particle architecture correlates with payload delivery efficiency and inflammatory potential. Authors argue the results enable more rational LNP design—matching formulation geometry to therapeutic goals and tissues—rather than the trial‑and‑error approach commonly used to optimize RNA delivery vehicles. The paper provides actionable metrics for developers of mRNA and oligonucleotide therapeutics.