Chiba University researchers reported preclinical data showing a cationic nanogel–based intranasal vaccine targeting HPV16 E7 antigen elicits local cervicovaginal CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses and slows tumor growth in mice; nonhuman primate work using a human-compatible nasal spray produced sustained E7-specific killer T cells. The study appeared in Science Translational Medicine. The formulation paired cCHP nanogels with the adjuvant cyclic-di-AMP to drive mucosal T-cell immunity. Authors framed the approach as a potential therapeutic vaccine option for established HPV infection and cervical neoplasia—an area unmet by current prophylactic HPV vaccines which cannot clear existing infection. Translational steps cited by the team include human-compatible delivery optimization and GLP toxicology to support potential early-phase clinical testing.