Key studies illuminate global health and environmental concerns with biotech implications. Air pollution and traditional herbal medicine exposures are linked to lung cancer in never-smokers, while binge drinking triggers liver inflammation via a novel pathway. Climate change intensifies infectious diseases through vector expansion. Advances in drought impact assessments and sustainable travel insights highlight environmental challenges. Innovative biotech solutions, including engineered bacteria detoxifying mercury and novel eco-friendly plastics, offer remedial potential in these pressing areas.