Breakthroughs in neuroscience are elucidating mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases and brain function. A recent discovery maps the complete mammalian peripheral nervous system in mice, revealing intricate neural pathways. Studies highlight microglial replacement's role in maintaining neuronal health in lysosomal storage disorders. Novel molecular understanding of enzymes implicated in pancreatic cancer progression improves therapeutic target identification. Chemogenetic strategies demonstrate modulation of addiction-related behavior by engineering cocaine-activated ion channels. Advancements in brain imaging and EEG analyses offer refined characterization of mood disorders and motor symptom progression in Parkinson’s disease. These findings advance the goal of precision neuroscience and tailored interventions.